On November 18, 2025, a master class for fourth-year students was held at the University of World Economy and Diplomacy within the framework of the academic course “International Humanitarian Law”, under the leadership of Associate Professor of the Department of International Law and Public Law Disciplines, Sh.M. Khamdamova. The event was dedicated to the topic “Hybrid Warfare and Hostilities in Cyberspace” and featured the participation of a guest expert, Yaroslav Galeev — Research Fellow at the University of Tartu (Estonia), and a specialist in international humanitarian law and contemporary forms of armed conflict.

In his presentation, the lecturer analysed the transformation of modern armed conflicts, the expansion of hostilities beyond traditional theatres of war, and the growing role of cyberspace in the contemporary system of international security. Particular attention was given to the legal challenges arising from the application of international humanitarian law in the context of cyber operations and hybrid military strategies.

Yaroslav Galeev provided an in-depth overview of the legal qualification of cyber operations, the problem of attribution in cyberspace, the relationship between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in hybrid conflicts, as well as the difficulties of recognising cyberattacks as acts of armed force under international law.

The master class contributed to the development of students’ analytical skills and the deepening of their knowledge of international humanitarian law in the context of the digitalisation of contemporary armed conflicts.